Improper colonization of the infant gut, (altered gut microbiome) resulting when a substance other than breastmilk is introduced, delays the process of mucosal host defence provided by prebiotic oligosaccharides and probiotic bifidobacteria evolved over millions of years. This may result in increased susceptibility to newborn and infant infections and altered immune homeostasis leading to the expression of immune-mediated and metabolic diseases with successive generations of manufactured formula use creating this world wide increase (slides 44-49). Human milk sialic acid conjugated oligosaccharides in the colon are essential components in ganglioside structure and are critical for brain development. This may be another link to understanding the IQ reduction seen in the formula fed infant and to concern for how evolution may be influenced.
.
Nutrition and Metabolic insights 2015 doi:10.4137/NMI.S29530
British Medical Journal 2016, Boyle R J, Hydrolysed formula risk
Pediatric Research 2015, 77,220 Walker W A, Lyengar R
Glycobiology 2012;22:1147 Lars Bode
Front.Pediatr 2015 doi:10.3389/fped.2015.00017 Gritz E
Nutrients 2015,7,2109 Young W et al
Annu Rev Nutr 2009, 29; 177 Wang B
Katie Hinde Could Mothers’ Milk Nourish Mind-Manipulating Microbes?
Image: V.Altounian/science/image